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=**INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS** =

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 * Alexander Graham Bell: He was born in March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Bell spent some time in Ontario, but it wasn't until he reached Boston when he began to invent. Both his wife and mother were deaf and became more active with the deaf. He taught deaf people and worked as a speech therapist just like his father. He invented the **//phonautograph//** which enabled the drawing of vibrations from the human voice in order to help the deaf to visualize sound. This eventually evolved into the telephone which was created in 1876 when Bell was only 29 years old.


 * John Moses Browning: He was born on January 23, 1855 in Ogden, Utah. Browning was the son of a Mormon gunsmith in which he learned about guns at an early age. In 1879, he received his first patent for his breech-loading, single-shot rifle. With the death of his father, he and his brother took over the business. He also invented the gas-operated return mechanism for rifles. This eliminated the need to reload the gun and each shot by hand. His competition was with the Colt 1895 Peacemaker against his **//Browning Automatic Rifle//** . Over 30 million firearms today are based on Browning's designs.




 * [|Samuel Colt]: He was born on July 19, 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut. Colt grew a fascination with guns at an early age. He spent his time playing with his father's firearms and imagined the "impossibility" of having multiple rounds. It was in 1836 when the first firearm was invented. Although he received endorsements from President Andrew Jackson, his handgun failed to take off. It was not until the Mexican War when an interest in the **//Colt revolver//** appeared. Some historians even say that Colt's firearm changed the course of American history.

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 * [|Henry Ford:]He was born on July 30, 1863 in Dearborn, Michigan. As a young boy, he loved tinkering with machines. He later worked as a part-time employee for the Westinghouse Engine Company. By 1896, Ford constructed his first horseless carriage. He had to sell it in order to finance work for a better and more improved model. On January 12, 1900 the Detroit Automobile Company released it first commercial automobile which was designed by Henry Ford himself. The first car he designed was the **//quadricycle//** which was built in 1896.


 * [|Robert Fulton]: He was born on November 14, 1765 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Education, for him, was very limited but he showed signs of creativity and inventiveness. He moved to France to work on building canal systems. In 1800, he successfully built a "diving boat" called the Nautilus; however, neither the French nor English supported his submarine design. In 1802, with the help of Robert Livingston, he constructed a **//steamboat//** that could travel on the Hudson River. In August 18, 1807 the first steamboat called the Clermont left New York for Albany which marked the first commercial steamboat service in the world.

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 * [|Charles Goodyear]: He was born on December 29, 1800 in New Haven, Connecticut. By the mid-1830s, the rubber industry began to collapse. The problem was that the industrial rubber were unstable - it became solid, it cracks in the winter, and melted in the summer - which made Goodyear believe he can rebuild this material. In order to rebuild, he would have to suffer poverty, jail, and large debts but nothing pushed him down. Finally, he discovered that heating sulfur and lead-fortified-rubber at low temperatures will make the rubber more stable. This was known as **//vulcanized rubber//** and patented the idea in 1844. He was hailed a genius.
 * [|Cyrus McCormick]: He was born on February 15, 1809 in a small farm in Virginia. It was not long after the invention of Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin when McCormick built another agricultural machine. The **//Reaper//** was a significant invention that revolutionized farming. Before, reaping was labor intensive that limited harvest. In 1834, he patented The Reaper and began manufacturing it; however, he understood that many farmers would not buy the machine because it was expensive and they have stuck with a method that has never failed them. By 1851, The Reaper became an international sensation.




 * [|Samuel Morse]: He was born on April 27, 1791 in Charlestown, Massachusetts. He was not a scientist, but a professional painter. He was well-known and was the president of National Academy of Design. Morse ran for office, patented three pumps, and even studied electricity. He overheard a conversation of electromagnetism and conceived a plan to create an electric telegraph, even though this was not a new concept. He believed that pulses of electricity could be used to communicate information over wires. The invention used dot-and-dash code to represent letters of the alphabet which was soon called " **//Morse Code//** ." He received a patent for the **//telegraph//** in 1847.


 * [|Eli Whitney]: He was born on December 8, 1765 in Westboro, Massachusetts. At a young age, Whitney was very familiar with machinery and had the natural ability for inventing. The problem with agriculture in the South during the time was that only green seed cotton could be grown inland and removing seeds from cotton was very labor intensive. The Yale graduate soon built the //**Cotton Gin**// which transformed the economy of the pre- **//Civil War//** South. In 1794, Whitney received a patent and by this time the machine was in full use throughout the country.



__WOMEN OF AMERICAN INNOVATION__
Women during the time from 1789-1900 had little influence in invention and innovation; however, there were those who showed inventiveness and had there inventions patented. Times where women have invented new materials, they were barely recognized and had to give the ideas to men in order for some recognition. These are a few that made an impact. (//*Note that some do not have pictures because they were considered unknown or had no acknowledgment for their invention//)


 * [[image:Cochrane-Josephine.jpg width="88" height="114" align="left"]]Josephine Cochran: She was born on March 8, 1839 in Ashtabula County, Ohio. She created the first working automatic dishwasher. The first dishwasher created in 1850 by Joel Houghton splashed water everywhere and was not effective in washing dishes. Cochran's dishwasher was a wooden tub with a wire basket. Her machine was first shown at the 1893 //**World's Fair**// in Chicago, Illinois. It did not become as widespread until the 1960's.


 * [[image:MarthaCoston.jpg width="90" height="104" align="left"]]Martha Coston: She was born in the year 1826. After the death of her husband, she took his idea for a **// pyrotechnic flare //** and perfected it. Her husband was a former naval scientist and left sketches in his diary for the flares when he died. Coston developed the idea for a system of flares called Night Signals which allowed ships to communicate messages in the night. In 1871, she received a patent for an improvement which she exclusively called her own.


 * [[image:at0110_12ap1s-th.jpg width="140" height="86" align="left"]][|E][|llen Fitz]: She was an American working in Canada as a governess. Fitz obtained a patent for the invention of a mounted globe in 1875. Her innovation for mounting the earth was to show the alignment of the sun and the length of days and nights for the entire year. Her innovation is known as the **//Fitz Globe//**.


 * [[image:http://z.about.com/d/inventors/1/0/q/O/weavehat.jpg width="63" height="107" align="left"]] Mary Dixon Kies: She was born on March 21, 1752 in Killingly, Connecticut. On May 15, 1809, Kies received the first United States patent ever given to a woman. The Connecticut native invented a process for //**weaving straw with silk or thread**//. She was hailed by the First Lady, Dolly Madision, because of the boost she gave towards the hat industry; however, the patent file was incinerated from the **//Patent Office fire//** in 1836.


 * Sarah Mather: In 1845, she received a patent for a //**s****ubmarine telescope and lamp**//. This was device enabled sea-going vessels to survey the depths of the ocean.


 * Mary Jane Montgomery: In 1864, Montgomery improved locomotive wheels and improved the planking of steel and iron armored war vessels during the Civil War



 * [[image:George_Washington_Carver.jpg width="115" height="136" align="left"]]George Washington Carver: He was born on January 1864 near Diamond Grove, Missouri on the farm on Moses Carver. His studies and teachings revolutionized agriculture in Southern United States. His fame was brought about from his studies of alternative crops besides cotton such as peanuts and sweet potatoes.Before his death on January 5, 1943 he created 325 products of peanuts and 100 products of sweet potatoes.


 * George Crum: He was a mixed Native and African American chef at Saratoga Springs, New York. Crum invented the potato chip in 1853. **//Cornelius Vanderbilt//** complained that his french fries were too thick and Crum decided to cut the potatoes very thin and fried them. His chips were originally called Saratoga chips and potato crunches.


 * Sarah E. Goode: She was the first African American woman to receive a patent. Her invention was a cabinet bed that could be folded for saving space and as a place for writing. Her patent was issued on July 14, 1885


 * [[image:Latimer.jpg width="100" height="119" align="left"]]Lewis H. Latimer: He was born on September 4, 1848. Latimer received a patent for his innovation for manufacturing the //**carbon filaments**// in light bulbs. His patent was issued on January 2, 1882. He was a member of Edison's research team which was called "Edison's pioneer."


 * Elijah McCoy: He was born on May 2, 1843 in Canada. McCoy was a mechanical engineer and inventor. [[image:elijiamcco.jpg width="100" height="116" align="right"]]Due to his race, he was only able to obtain a job as a fireman and oilman in a steam-engine train. His first invention, in 1872, was a system of lubricating steam engines without having to shut it down. This saved a large amount of time in transportation and in industrial production. He eventually had 57 patents to his name before his death on October 10, 1929.

__TIMELINE OF AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS__
**1790** **—** John Fitch - //built the first steamboat// **1793** **—** Eli Whitney - //invented the cotton gin// **1804** **—** Oliver Evans - //created a high pressure device// → //more powerful **steam engine **// **1807** **—** Robert Fulton - built a more reliable steamboat more suitable for common travel **1810** **—** Francis Cabot Lowell - //built America's first modern factory// **1831** **—** Cyrus McCormick - //invented the reaper// **1835** **—** Samuel Colt - //invented revolver// **1837** **—** Samuel B. Morse - //invented the telegraph// **1844** **//—//** Charles Goodyear - //invented vulcanized rubber//
 * 1809 —** Mary Dixon Kies – //first woman to receive a patent; created a process for weaving straw w////ith silk or thread//
 * 1839 —** Josephine Cochran – //built a more effective dishwasher//
 * 1848 —** Lewis H. Latimer – //created a carbon filament for the light bulb used widely in incandescent lamps//
 * 1845 —** Sarah Mather – //invented a submarine telescope and lamp//
 * 1850-1853 —** Elisha Otis - //developed a safer elevator//
 * 1857 —** Isaac Merritt Singer - //mass produced the sewing machine//
 * 1859 —** Edwin Drake - //invented the oil well//
 * 1862-1869 —** Theodore Judah - **//Transcontinental Railroad //**
 * 1863 —** George Crum – //invented the potato chip//
 * 1869 —** George Westinghouse, Jr.[[image:290px-International_Morse_Code.svg.png align="left"]] - //developed a compressed-air brake system for trains, making traveling safer//
 * 1 **** 871 —** Martha Coston - //pyrotechnic flare//
 * 1873 —** **//Levi Strauss //** - //ca////me up with canvas jeans//
 * 1875 —** Ellen Fitz – //created the Fitz globe//
 * 1876 —** Alexander Graham Bell - //invented the telephone//
 * 1876 —** John Wanamaker - //made shopping more common by coming up with the department store//
 * 1879 —** John Moses Browning – //invented the Browning Automatic Rifle//
 * 1883 —** Julius Schmid - //invented the condom//
 * 1885 —** Hiram Maxim - //invented the machine gun//
 * 1885 —** Sarah E. Goode – //first African American woman to receive a patent//
 * 1885 —** Sarah Mather //- submarine telescope and lamp//
 * 1887 —** George Eastman - //invented the Kodak camera//
 * 1891 —** Martha Matilda - //Retail Franchise Network//
 * 1896 —** Henry Ford – //invented the quadricycle//

__GLOSSARY__

 * Phonautograph - earliest known invention of sound transcription which inscribed sound into a visible medium
 * Browning Automatic Rifle - the first assault rifle, able to be fired single shot or automatically
 * Colt Revolver - a firearm equipped with a revolving cylinder containing five to six bullets and had an innovative cocking device

[[image:1896_Quadricycle.jpg width="249" height="170" align="right" caption="Henry Ford's Quadricycle"]]

 * Civil War - War fought in 1861 until 1865 between the Union and the Confederacy involving the issue of slavery
 * Ford Quadricycle - a four-wheeled, gas-powered car created by Henry Ford; it was able to generate four horsepower and move at a top speed of 20mph
 * Steamboat - a steam-powered boat used on lakes and rivers; was used for commercial shipping during the 19th century
 * Vulcanized Rubber - latex heated with sulfur (or vulcanized) with the ability to remain elastic at a wide range of temperatures
 * Reaper - farm machine used to gather and harvest crops
 * Morse Code - a method of sending text messages by keying in a series of electronic pulses, usually represented as a short pulse (called a "dot") and a long pulse (a "dash").
 * Telegraph - a communications system that transmits and receives simple unmodulated electric impulses, especially one in which the transmission and reception stations are directly connected by wires.
 * Cotton Gin - a machine that separates the seeds, seed hulls, and other small objects from the fibers of cotton.
 * World's Fair - a large exposition featuring exhibits, as of arts and crafts, scientific discoveries, and products of industry and agriculture, provided by countries from around the world.[[image:phonautograph.jpg width="256" height="171" align="right" caption="Phonautograph"]]
 * Pyrotechnic flare - a tool that produces a brilliant light or intense heat without an explosion
 * Fitz Globe - a type of globe that shows the position of the sun and the length of days, nights, and twilight for the entire year
 * Steam Engine - an engine that converts the heat energy of pressurized steam into mechanical energy, especially one in which steam drives a piston in a closed cylinder.
 * Transcontinental Railroad - a train route, finished in 1869, that spans the United States, consisting of the Union Pacific (built from the east) and the Central Pacific (built from the west), both meeting in Utah.
 * Patent Office Fire - disastrous fire that occurred on December 15, 1836, when the patents were in temporary storage while a new (more fireproof) facility was being built; the firemen were unable to prevent the loss. [[image:extra_70856_01.jpg width="137" height="192" align="left"]]
 * Carbon Filaments - created by heating an organic thread such as cotton or bamboo fiber
 * Levi Strauss - He was born on January 26, 1829 in Buttenheim, Germany. His business Levi Strauss & Co. began in 1853 with the manufacturing of blue jeans; received a patent on May 20, 1873 for denim work pants
 * Cornelius Vanderbilt - He was born on May 27, 1794 who was an American entrepreneur that built his wealth on shipping and railroad; was also a patriarch of the Vanderbilt family

__ADDITIONAL INFORMATION__
Go to this website for more a timeline on other inventions not mentioned in this wiki page and inventions past the 19th century: []

Go to this website which links to other sites for more information: []

Go to this website for the Scholastic's Top Ten African American Inventors: []

Visit this website which takes insight in the life of the American Inventor, Thomas Edison: []

Visit this website for more information in all categories of this wiki such as women inventors, African American inventors, and inventors/inventions all over the world: []

__WORKS CITED__
Bellis, Mary. "18th Century Timeline 1700 - 1799." (2009): Web. 24 Dec 2009. [|.]

"Women Inventors." (2009): Web. 28 Dec 2009. <span class="wiki_link_ext"> [|<http://www.teachervision.fen.com/womens-history/scientists/2433.html>.]

"Zoom Inventors and Inventions." (2009): Web. 26 Dec 2009. [|<http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/1800a.shtml>.]

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